|
abstract
|
Remove or withdraw water from any source, either temporarily or permanently
|
qu shui
|
取水
|
临时性或永久性地将水从任何水源移走。
|
|
abstraction fee
|
Payment to a government agency, e.g. water resource department, for the right to abstract water
|
qu shui fei
|
取水费
|
为取水的权利向政府部门（例如水利部门）交纳的费用。
|
|
discharge fee
|
Payment to a government agency, e.g. environment department, for the right to discharge wastewater
|
pai wu fei
|
排污费
|
为排放污水的权利向政府部门（例如环境部门）交纳的费用。
|
|
fee
|
Payment to government or a government agency for the right to use water, e.g. abstract water or discharge wastewater, or for the costs of issue and administration of permits or licenses
|
Fei
|
费
|
为用水（例如取水或者排放污水）的权利或者用水许可证或执照的发放和管理成本向政府或者政府部门交纳的费用。
|
|
charge
|
Price of water supply or wastewater discharge payable to the government agency or other company providing the service
|
shou fei，shui fei
|
水费,收费
|
应当向政府机构或者其它提供服务的公司支付的供水或者污水排放价格。
|
|
abstraction license
|
Theauthorization granted by a water agency or other regulatory authority to allow the abstraction of water from a water source
|
qu shui xu ke
|
取水许可
|
由水利机构或者其它管理部门所发放的允许从某个水源取水的授权证书。
|
|
accountability
|
Being answerable to a person or organization to ensure that tasks are carried out in accordance with specific instructions or legislation. This term is generally used when the accountable person or organization may delegate the actual execution of the tasks to another person or organization. Compare with responsibility.
|
wen ze, wen ze zhi
|
问责，问责制
|
对某个人或者组织负责，以保证按照具体的指令或者法规的要求开展工作。本术语通常用于应当承担责任的个人或者组织可以将工作的具体开展托付给另一个人或者组织的情况。比较责任。
|
|
action plan
|
Qualitative description of a set of actions to be taken in order to achieve one or more objectives. Often prepared as inspiration for formulation and planning of more specific programmes or projects.
|
xing dong ji hua
|
行动计划
|
对旨在实现一个或者多个目标的一系列行动所做的定性说明。常常是为制订、筹划比较具体的计划或者项目提依据而准备的。
|
|
leakage detection
|
Methods to identify water losses from distribution networks, fittings and household appliances, e.g. field inspections, analysis of night flows and water pressure, using geophones or listening sticks
|
shen lou jian ce
|
渗漏检测
|
检查配水管网、设备和家庭器具水的流失的方法，例如进行现场检查，分析夜间流量和水压，利用地音探听器或者听音棒探听。
|
|
leakage control
|
Systematic program to minimize leakage from water distribution networks by use of appropriate materials, pressure tests of new piping, leakage detection campaigns, maintenance and repair
|
shen lou kong zhi
|
渗漏控制
|
最大限度地减少配水管网渗漏的系统性计划，包括使用适当的材料,对新管线进行压力试验,开展渗漏检测运动,进行维护和修理等。
|
|
agency
|
Any department, statutory authority, commission or similar organization established by legislation and/or subject to government control
|
ji gou, ji guan, bu men
|
机构，机关,部门
|
依法成立并且（或者）受政府管辖的任何部门、法定机构、委员会或者类似的组织。
|
|
allocation
|
Procedures to share available water resources among competing users and uses, including the resulting distribution of water
|
shui fen pei
|
水分配
|
在竞争性用水户与用途之间分配水资源的过程，包括向用户配水。
|
|
aquatic environment
|
The physical, chemical or ecological environment existing within lakes, rivers and other water bodies
|
shui huan jing
|
水环境
|
湖泊、河流及其它水体的物理、化学或者生态环境。
|
|
aquifer
|
A water-bearing underground formation of permeable rock or sediment able to hold, transmit and release significant quantities of water
|
han shui ceng, xu shui ceng
|
含水层，蓄水层
|
由渗透性岩石或者泥沙组成的能够储存、传输和释放较多水量的地层。
|
|
groundwater mining
|
Withdrawal of groundwater in amounts that exceeds the average rate of recharge of the aquifer
|
di xia shui kai cai
|
地下水开采
|
地下水开采量超过了含水层的平均补给速度。
|
|
assimilative capacity
|
The capacity of a water body to receive wastewater or toxic materials without detrimental effects and without damage to the aquatic environment or humans who consume the water
|
na wu neng li
|
纳污能力
|
水体接纳废水或有毒物质而不会带来有害影响以及给水环境或者使用该水体的人带来损害的能力。
|
|
audit (end-use)
|
Procedure to check whether water is used according to plans or permits and having the intended social, economic or environmental impacts
|
shen ji (zhong duan yong shui)
|
审计（终端用水）
|
检查用水是否符合计划或许可证的规定、是否产生预期的社会、经济或者环境影响的过程。
|
|
audit (financial)
|
Examination of financial records of an agency or company to determine if the records are accurate and provide a realistic account of the financial status of the agency or company
|
shen ji
(cai wu)
|
审计（财务）
|
检查机构或者公司的财务记录，以确定记录是否准确，是否反映了该机构或者公司的实际财务状况。
|
|
audit (water)
|
A systematic assessment of the amount and nature of water use by different end users (residential, commercial, or industrial) in order to identify potential areas for reduction, conservation or efficiency improvement of the water use
|
shen ji (shui)
|
审计（水）
|
对不同终端用户（居民、商业或者工业用户）用水的数量和性质进行系统的评估，以确定在哪些方面还有潜力减少用水、节水或者提高用水效率。
|
|
available resource
|
The maximum reliable amount of water that can be abstracted from a water source taking account of various factors (probability of the minimum flow in a river or the safe yield of a borehole(?)etc)
|
ke li yong shui zi yuan liang
|
可利用水资源量
|
从某个水源可以开采的最大可靠水量，由河流最小流量概率或者井孔的可靠产水量决定。
|
|
available supply
|
The maximum reliable amount of water that can be supplied by a water supplier
|
ke gong shui liang
|
可供水量
|
供水机构可提供的最大可靠供水量。
|
|
average-day demand
|
Average daily water use from a distribution system as measured by the annual water production divided by 365
|
ri ping jun xu shui liang
|
日平均需水量
|
以年水产总量除以365得出的配水系统平均日用水量。
|
|
avoided-cost
|
The costs that a water supply company avoids through reduction of water consumption and water losses, including both operating and capital costs
|
bi mian fei yong
|
避免费用
|
供水公司通过减少用水和水损避免的费用，包括运行费用和资本费用。
|
|
background leakage
|
Water losses from small leaks that are uneconomic to locate and repair
|
ben di shen lou
|
本底渗漏
|
微小渗漏造成的水损，查找、维修这些微小渗漏是不经济的。
|
|
baseline
|
Description, usually quantitative, of an existing situation that is used for comparison when conditions are altered. Mainly used in development projects for comparison of the “before-after” situation. May include both social, economic, environmental and operational parameters. See also benchmarking
|
ji xian
|
基线
|
对现状的描述，通常是定量的，用来在条件变化时进行比较。主要在开发项目中用于“前-后”状况的比较。可以包括社会、经济、环境及运行参数。见基准借鉴。
|
|
“Basin Vision”
|
Aview or image of the desirable future condition of water resources and water use in a river basin. Applied in river basin planning to help formulate action plans.
|
liu yu zhan wang
|
流域展望
|
对流域的水资源与用水未来理想状况的观点或者设想。在流域规划中用于帮助制订行动计划。
|
|
benchmarking
|
A systematic process using a set of indicators to measure and compare an organization's operation, working practices and performance against other organizations operating under similar conditions or recognized as having the best possible performance. Used to establish performance targets and improve management and working methods.
|
ji zhun jie jian, guan qu te xing zhi biao zong he ping gu ti xi
|
基准借鉴，灌区特性指标综合评估体系
|
利用一组指标对一个组织的运行、工作方法和绩效进行度量并与其它处于类似条件下或者被认为达到可能最佳绩效的组织进行比较。用于建立绩效目标，改善管理和工作方法。
|
|
beneficial use
|
The use of water for a socially, economically, or environmentally useful purpose. Commonly the following uses are recognized as beneficial: domestic, municipal, industrial, irrigation, mining, hydroelectric power, navigation, recreation, livestock raising, public parks, wildlife and game preserves.
|
you yi yong shui, you xiao yong shui
|
有益用水，有效用水
|
出于经济、社会或环境方面的有益目的而用水。通常以下各方面的用水都被认为是有益的：生活、市政、工业、灌溉、采矿、水电、航运、娱乐、牲畜饲养、公园、野生动物保护区等。
|
|
benefit-cost analysis
|
An evaluation of total benefits to total costs of an actual or proposed water programme or project, used to compare and rank alternative investment strategies or project designs. Usually expressed in monetary terms as Internal Rate of Return or Economic Internal Rate of Return.
|
xiao yi fei yong fen xi, cheng ben xiao yi fen xi
|
效益费用分析, 成本效益分析
|
对实际或者建议的水资源计划或项目的总效益与总费用进行评价，用于对不同的投资战略或者项目设计方案进行比较排序。通常以货币指标表示成内部回收率或者经济内部回收率。
|
|
discount rate
|
The discount rate is the interest rate that national banks charge on loans to commercial banks. The discount rate is used to evaluate whether government investments in water projects are financially and economically viable, see Internal Rate of Return and Economic Internal Rate of Return.
|
zhe xian lü, tie xian lü
|
折现率，贴现率
|
是国家银行对向商业银行的贷款利率。用于评价政府的水利项目投资在财务和经济上是否可行。见内部回收率和经济内部回收率。
|
|
Internal Rate of Return (IRR)
|
Measure of the financial viability of a project calculated as the average annual profit over the life-time of the project using prices that include government duties, taxes and subsidies. The investment in a project is acceptable to the investor if IRR is equal to or higher than the interest which could be obtained from an alternative use of the invested capital. For water projects which mainly rely on government funding IRR is compared with the central bank discount rate. See also Economic Internal Rate of Return.
|
nei bu hui shou lü, nei bu shou yi lü
|
内部回收率，内部收益率
|
衡量项目财务可行性的指标，以根据包括政府关税、税收和补贴在内的价格计算的项目使用期限内年平均利润表示。如果内部回收率等于或者大于将投资资本用于其它方面的利息，该项目的投资对投资者是可以接受的。对主要依赖于政府投资的水利项目，则将内部回收率与中央银行折现率进行比较。见经济内部回收率。
|
|
IRR
|
Internal Rate of Return
|
|
|
内部回收率的缩写。
|
|
Economic Internal Rate of Return (EIRR)
|
Measure of the economic efficiency of government investment in a water project calculated as the average annual profit over the life-time of the investment, using prices that exclude government duties, taxes and subsidies. The investment is economically attractive to government if EIRR is equal to or higher than the central bank discount rate, which reflects the interest that could be gained by lending the invested capital to other purposes.
|
jing ji nei bu hui shou lü
|
经济内部回收率
|
衡量政府水利项目投资经济效率的指标，以根据不包括政府关税、税收和补贴在内的价格计算的项目使用期限内年平均利润表示。如果经济内部回收率等于或者大于中央银行折现率，该投资在经济上对政府是有吸引力的，该折现率反映了将投资资本借给其它方面可获得的利息。
|
|
EIRR
|
Economic Internal Rate of Return
|
jing ji nei bu hui shou lü
|
经济内部回收率
|
经济内部回收率的缩写。
|
|
benefits
|
The positive or desired results of a water project. Benefits may be social, environmental or economic in nature. See also tangible, intangible and net benefits.
|
xiao yi, li yi, shou yi
|
效益,利益，受益
|
水利项目的正面或者理想结果。从其性质来说效益可以是社会、环境或者经济的。见有形效益、无形效益和净效益。
|
|
best management practice
|
An empirically proven, cost-effective and beneficial way of managing a company that is widely accepted among sector professionals as the standard to follow
|
zui jia guan li fang fa, zui jia guan li mo shi
|
最佳管理方法, 最佳管理模式
|
经过实践证明、成本有效、有益的公司管理模式，在专业领域内被公认为学习的榜样。
|
|
bilateral donor
|
A development aid agency which provides grants and loans from funds provided by a single donor country directly to the recipient country, e.g. DFID (UK), AusAID (Australia) and Danida (Denmark)
|
shuang bian yuan zhu ji gou
|
双边援助机构
|
利用自单一援助国提供的资金直接向受援国提供赠款和贷款的开发机构，例如英国的DFID，澳大利亚的AusAid、丹麦的Danida等。
|
|
bilateral development assistance
|
Development assistance provided directly from the donor country to the recipient county
|
shuang bian kai fa yuan zhu
|
双边开发援助
|
直接由援助国向受援国提供的开发援助。
|
|
biodiversity
|
The variety and variability among living organisms and the ecological complexes in which they occur. The term encompasses different ecosystems, species, and genes.
|
sheng wu duo yang xing
|
生物多样性
|
生物界及其赖以生存的生态综合体的多样性和变化性。该术语涵盖不同的生态系统、物种和基因。
|
|
block tariff
|
A water tariff structure with step-wise increase or decrease of the price per unit water from one block to the next. Used mainly as an increasing block tariff to a) supply the basic needs of water at a price that is affordable to poor households, and b) to give large consumers an incentive to reduce their water consumption.
|
jie ti shui jia
|
阶梯水价
|
一种水价结构，水的单价从一个水量段到下一个水量段逐步增加或者减少。最常用的是上升式阶梯水价，目的是 1）以贫困家庭有能力支付的价格满足基本需水；2）鼓励用水大户减少用水量。
|
|
bore
|
Internal diameter of a pipe or a borehole. Also slang for borehole or drilled well.
|
kong jing, jing kong, zuan jing
|
孔径，井孔，钻井
|
管道或者井孔的内径。在英语中也是代表井孔或钻井的行话。
|
|
borehole
|
A hole in the ground with small diameter relative to depth, bored, drilled or driven into the ground in order to investigate or abstract groundwater. Also called a drilled well.
|
jing kong, zuan jing
|
井孔，钻井
|
采用钻孔等方法在地上打的孔，其孔径相对于深度较小，用于调查或者开采地下水。也称为钻井。
|
|
budget (water-use)
|
An accounting method or quantitative assessment of the total amount of water available in a hydrological system over a period of time. The water budget includes all inputs, abstractions and uses of water for a given location or activity, e.g. rainfall and run-off, recharge and seepage, abstractions, return flows and wastewater discharges. It may refer to current or projected conditions.
|
shui liang ping heng, shui fen ping heng, shui fen cha e, shui ping heng ji suan, shui liang shou zhi yu suan, suan shui zhang
|
水量平衡，水分平衡，水分差额，水平衡计算，水量收支预算，算水帐
|
一个水文系统在一定时期内可利用水资源总量的计算方法或者定量评价。水量平衡包括特定地点或者特定活动的所有水的输入、取水和用水，例如降水与径流、补给和渗漏、取水、回归水和污水排放。可以指现状或者预测的条件。
|
|
seepage
|
Movement of water from one aquifer to another or from an aquifer to the ground surface where water may emerge from a single point as springs or over a broad area to form wetlands
|
shen liu, shen lou, shen lou liang
|
渗流，渗漏，渗漏量
|
水从一个含水层缓慢流向另一个含水层或者地面，在地面可以作为泉水从一点流出，也可以在较大范围内流出形成湿地。
|
|
bulk services
|
Delivery of large amounts of water from an agency or company to several smaller agencies or companies that in turn serve individual consumers or customers, e.g. a reservoir and canal management company delivering water to a number of irrigation 'districts' or systems that serve farmers or to urban water companies that distribute water to domestic, institutional and commercial customers. Also used for regional storm water drainage and flood control services which operate primary drainage canals and pumping stations or maintain river or sea dikes that protect large areas of land from flooding.
|
pi liang fu wu
|
批量服务
|
一个机构或者公司向几个较小的机构或者公司大量供水，后者然后向各个用户供水，例如水库和渠道管理公司向为农民服务的多个灌区供水，或者向为家庭、机构和商业用户服务的城市自来水公司供水。也指区域性的暴雨排水和防洪服务机构，它们负责管理主要的排水渠道、泵站或者维护保护大片土地的防洪河堤或者海堤。
|
|
byelaws
|
Local laws or regulations that often are required to make national law effective or operational at lower administrative levels.
|
di fang fa gui, gui zhang, she tuan zhang cheng
|
地方法规,规章，社团章程
|
地方法律、法规，常常用于在地方上贯彻落实国家法律。
|
|
capacity building
|
Developing the capability of an organization, or parts of an organization, by enhancing the skills and experience of its employees, improving its work practices and procedures, and upgrading its technology. Often used for and interchangeably with institutional development and institutional strengthening.
|
neng li jian she
|
能力建设
|
开发一个机构或者机构某些部门的能力，包括提高其人员的技能与经验，改进工作方法和程序，更新技术等。常常与机构发展、机构加强交替使用。
|
|
capacity development
|
Improving the capacity of an organisation to adjust to changes in the surrounding society, often used for and interchangeably with institutional development
|
neng li kai fa
|
能力开发
|
加强一个机构适应社会条件变化的能力，常常与机构发展交替使用。
|
|
capital costs
|
The costs related to capital invested in infrastructure that provides productive services or benefits over a period lasting longer than one year, e.g. an irrigation scheme or water treatment plant. Includes depreciation of assets and debt service, i.e. interest payments and repayment of the principal on a loan.
|
ji ben jian she fei yong, zi ben cheng ben, chu jian fei
|
基本建设费用，资本成本，初建费
|
提供一年以上生产性服务或者效益的基础设施建设投资费用，例如灌溉工程或者水处理厂。包括资产折旧和债务还本付息，即支付贷款的利息和偿还本金。
|
|
capital facilities
|
Infrastructure used in a production process such as pumping stations, transmission mains, treatment plants and distribution or sewer networks of a water supply or wastewater system
|
zi ben she shi, gu ding zi ben
|
资本设施，固定资本
|
生产过程中使用的基础设施,例如供水或者污水系统中的泵站、输水干管、处理厂、配水管网或者污水管网。
|
|
catchment
|
An area in which run-off drains to a single river or lake. The area can be delimited by tracing a line along the highest elevations between two rivers on a map. Also used for the area upstream of a water intake on a river or around a borehole that the intake or borehole catches water from. Also called a watershed.
|
liu yu, ji shui qu, hui shui pen di
|
流域；集水区，汇水盆地
|
径流赖以汇集流入单一河流或者湖泊的区域。可以在地图上沿两条河流之间最高点的连线划定流域的边界。也指河流上的某个取水口上游或者井孔周围的汇水区域。在英语中也称为watershed。
|
|
catchment management
|
The analysis, protection, development and maintenance of the land, vegetation and water resources of a catchment for the conservation of all its resources and hydrological properties. The term is generally applied to catchments smaller than river basins where there is a close relation between land use and water resources and the management of land and water mainly is a local issue. These issues include soil erosion, flash flooding and environmental degradation.
|
liu yu guan li
|
流域管理
|
对流域的土地、植被和水资源进行分析、保护、开发和维护，以保护其所有资源和水文特性。该术语通常用于较小的流域(catchments)，在这里土地利用与水资源之间有密切的关系，土地和水的管理主要是局部性问题。这些问题包括土壤侵蚀、突发洪水和环境恶化。
|
|
catchment process model
|
A hydrological model that is used to predict the relationship between rainfall and runoff from a catchment, sometimes including soil erosion, sediment transport and other water quality parameters
|
liu yu guo cheng mo xing
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流域过程模型
|
一种用于预测流域降雨-径流关系的水文模型，有时包括土壤侵蚀、泥沙输送和其它水质参数。
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climate
|
The sum of the meteorological elements that characterize the average and extreme conditions of the atmosphere over a long period of time at any one place or region of the earth's surface. (Compare weather).
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qi hou
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气候
|
表现地球表面任何地点或者地区大气的长期平均和极端状态特征的气象要素总和。比较天气。
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climate change
|
Predicted change in climate characteristics including natural variations and changes arising from human activities. See also global warming and greenhouse effect.
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qi hou bian hua
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气候变化
|
预测的气候特征变化，包括自然变化和人类活动引起的变化。见全球变暖和温室效应。
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coastal zone
|
Lands and waters adjacent to the coast that exert an influence on the uses of the sea and its ecology, or whose uses and ecology are affected by the sea
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hai an dai
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海岸带
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与海岸相邻、影响海洋利用和海洋生态或者其利用和生态受海洋影响的土地和水域。
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plumbing codes
|
Technical standards for the design and construction of water and wastewater installations and facilities in buildings
|
guan dao gong cheng gui cheng
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管道工程规程
|
建筑物内给水和污水设施的设计与施工技术标准。
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community consultation
|
A systematic process to obtain community opinions as inputs to water resources or water supply planning
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she qu xie shang
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社区协商
|
征求社区意见以作为水资源或者供水规划输入的系统过程。
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community water system
|
A drinking water system serving at least 15 household connections used by year-round residents of the area served by the system
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she qu yong shui xi tong
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社区用水系统
|
在服务区域内至少有15户常住居民用水接管的饮用水系统。
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conflict resolution
|
Systematic process of resolving conflicts or settling disputes among organizations, groups or individuals
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jie jue mao dun, mao dun hua jie
|
解决矛盾,矛盾化解
|
解决组织机构、团体或者个人之间的冲突或者争端的系统过程。
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Conservation (general)
|
Preserving and supporting the improvement of water and other natural resources limiting their use to the rate of renewal or regeneration
|
bao hu, bao chi
|
保护，保持
|
保护和帮助改善水和其它自然资源，以更新或者再生速度作为它们的使用限度。
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conservation (water)
|
Reduction of water losses and unnecessary or wasteful use of water with minimum impact on the beneficial use of water. Also used for methods to increase the capture of water or store water for beneficial uses. See alsowater harvesting.
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jie shui, bao shui
|
节水，保水
|
减少水的损失、不必要用水或浪费用水，而对有益用水的影响最小。也指加强水的收集或者存储以供有益利用的方法。见雨水收集。
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conservation pricing
|
Water tariff structures that give users a financial incentive to reduce water usage and water losses. See also demand management.
|
jie shui shui jia, jie shui ding jia
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节水水价，节水定价
|
为减少用水和水损向用户提供经济鼓励的水价结构。见需求管理。
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consumer-oriented
|
Attitudes and practices of a water company or agency that actively and positively address consumer demands, concerns and complaints
|
mian xiang yong hu de
|
面向用户的
|
供水公司或机构积极满足消费者需求、处理其意见与投诉的态度与做法。
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consumption (urban water supply)
|
The sum of customer water use and losses from a customer’s plumbing and water facilities
|
xiao fei liang (cheng shi gong shui)
|
消费量（城市供水）
|
用水户的用水量及其管道和用水设施水损之和。
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consumptive use
|
That part of water which is withdrawn from a river, stream, lake, reservoir or aquifer and not returned as return flows, infiltration or wastewater discharge, because it has been lost by evaporation from humans, livestock or cooling processes, consumed by evapotranspiration from plants and crops, or incorporated into products such as canned food or beer
|
xiao hao xing yong shui
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消耗性用水
|
取自河流、湖泊、水库或者含水层的水中未以回归水、下渗或者污水排放等形式回归的那部分水，它是通过人、牲畜身体及冷却过程中的蒸发、植物与农作物的蒸腾消耗掉或者进入了罐装食品或者啤酒之类的产品中。
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cost recovery
|
Water and wastewater tariffs that enable a company to collect sufficient revenue to cover the (full) financial costs of its services
|
cheng ben hui shou
|
成本回收
|
供水和污水服务价格使公司能够获得足够的收入弥补其服务的（全部）财务成本。
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cost-benefit analysis
|
A quantitative evaluation of the total costs and total benefits of a given program or project focussing on tangible economic or financial benefits, used to describe a project or compare and rank alternative project designs. Usually expressed in monetary terms as IRR or IERR. See also benefit-cost analysis.
|
fei yong xiao yi fen xi, cheng ben xiao yi fen xi
|
费用效益分析，成本效益分析
|
对特定计划或项目的总费用和总效益进行的定量评价，重点放在有形的经济或财务效益上，用于描述项目或者对项目不同的设计方案进行比较排序。通常是以货币单位表示成内部回收率或者经济内部回收率。见效益费用分析。
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cost-effectiveness
|
A method of project evaluation based on a comparison of the costs to achieve the same result or benefit by different means.
|
cheng ben you xiao xing, hua suan
|
成本有效性，划算
|
对以不同手段取得相同的结果或效益所需要的成本进行对比的项目评价方法。
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|
costs
|
The expenditures needed to implement a construction or general development project, including the direct costs of goods, services and administration as well as indirect costs resulting from negative social or environmental impacts. See also environmental costs and externality costs.
|
fei yong
|
费用
|
实施建设项目或者一般开发项目的花费，包括物资、服务和管理的直接费用，也包括负面的社会或者环境影响所带来的间接费用。见环境费用和外部费用。
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custodian
|
A government agency assigned the power and responsibility to collect, store and maintain a set of monitoring data and make it available to the public and other users in accordance with national policies on information management
|
jian hu ren
|
监护人
|
被赋予权力和责任依照国家信息管理政策采集、存储和维护监测资料并提供给公众和其他使用者的政府机构。
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customer class
|
A group of customers that share similar characteristics, e.g. domestic, institutional, commercial, industrial, etc. Customers within a single class usually have similar patterns of water use and pay the same tariff.
|
yong hu lei bie
|
用户类别
|
具有相似特点的用户群体，例如家庭用户、机构用户、商业用户、工业用户等。一个类别内的用户通常具有相似的用水模式，支付相同的水价。
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data
|
In its strictest sense, data may be defined as the raw numbers for numeric or quantitative information on a variable, available either in time-series format (data on a single variable covering observations over specific periods of time) or in cross-sectional format (data on multiple variables taken at a specific point in time)
|
shu ju, zi liao
|
数据,资料，
|
从严格的意义上说，数据可以定义为关于变量的数字或者定量信息，可以为时间序列数据（即有关一个变量的数据由分布于整个特定时期内的观测值组成），也可以为断面数据组（即在某个时间点有关数个变量的数据）。
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data access
|
The ability of those that need to use information to be able to obtain and use that information
|
shu ju fang wen neng li, shu ju fang wen quan, shu ju shi yong quan, shu ju fang wen tu jing
|
数据访问能力，数据访问权，数据使用权，数据访问途径
|
需要使用信息的人能够获得和使用该信息的能力。
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|
data directory
|
A computerised database which contains information on the types of data that are available, the periods that are covered, the agency where the data are stored, whom to contact to obtain the data and what its cost might be. Also called a metadatabase.
|
shu ju mu lu
|
数据目录
|
包括关于已有数据的类型、覆盖时间、保存单位、联系人和费用等信息的计算机化数据库。也称为元数据库。
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|
data management
|
The process and means by which data are compiled, organised, stored, safe-guarded, extracted, retrieved, listed and disseminated. Also called information management.
|
shu ju guan li
|
数据管理
|
对数据进行整理、组织、存储、安全保护、摘录、检索、列表和传播的过程与手段。也称为信息管理。
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|
data quality
|
The accuracy by which data represent the magnitude of the physical or chemical variable being measured and the precision by which it has been analysed
|
shu ju zhi liang
|
数据质量
|
数据代表被测量的物理或者化学变量数值的准确度以及数据分析的精度。
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|
accuracy
|
The degree to which data on a variable reflects its actual magnitude
|
zhun que du, jing que du
|
准确度，精确度
|
有关变量的数据反映其实际数值的程度。
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|
database
|
A well-defined and structured collection of data, usually of the same general type, which can be accessed by a computer and readily may be converted into a format suitable for further analysis, presentation, and forecasting
|
shu ju ku
|
数据库
|
定义明确的结构化数据集合，通常是属于同一大类的数据，可以由计算机访问，能够方便地转换成适合作进一步分析、显示和预测的格式。
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dataset
|
A collection of data or information which relates to a common theme, subject or topic at a given location or within a specific area, e.g. rainfall, run-off, water quality, water use. It may be stored in paper-based archives or electronic databases as text records, digital data, thematic maps, written reports, etc.
|
shu ju ji
|
数据集
|
有关特定地点或者区域内的一个共同主题的数据或者信息集合，例如降水、径流、水质、用水等。可以采用文字记录、数字数据、专题地图、书面报告等形式存储在纸质档案或者电子数据库中。
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|
decentralization
|
To assign responsibilities or functions previously held by one level of government to a lower level of government, typically from central government to provincial or local government. There are many forms of decentralisation, notably deconcentration and devolution.
|
zhi quan xia fang, quan li xia fang
|
职权下放，权力下放
|
将原来由某一级政府持有的责任或者职能移交给下级政府，通常是从中央政府移交给省或者地方政府。有许多去中心化的方式，主要有去集中化和授权。
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|
deconcentration
|
To split a central government agency and divide or distribute its functions on several smaller units located throughout the agency’s jurisdictional area, but with staff reporting to the headquarter. Also used for a form of decentralisation that transfers administrative functions to lower levels of Government without a corresponding transfer of power and accountability. In China, River Basin Water Resource Commissions represent deconcentration of the Ministry of Water Resources and the administration of prefectures the deconcentration of provincial government.
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fen san zhi quan, fen san quan li, quan li xia fang
|
分散职权，分散权力，权力下放
|
将一中央政府机构划分出位于其辖区内的数个较小的单位，分担其职能，但是各个单位的人员仍然对总部负责。也指将行政职能移交给下级政府但是并不相应移交权力和绩效责任的去中心化方式。在中国，大流域的流域委员会代表水利部的去集中化，地区行政公署代表省政府的去集中化。
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|
divestiture
|
Transfer of government functions to the private sector, but in practice including transfer to commercialised or corporatised companies wholly or partly owned by government, e.g. a water or wastewater utility
|
bo li
|
剥离
|
将政府的职能转交给民营行业，但是在实际上包括移交给全部或者部分由政府所有的商业化或者股份制公司，例如供水或者污水公司。
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|
devolution
|
Delegation of power and accountability especially by the central government to regional or local administration
|
ze quan xia fang, quan li yi jiao, shou quan
|
责权下放，权力移交，授权
|
中央政府专有的权力和绩效责任下放给地区或者地方政府。
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|
decreasing (or declining) block tariff
|
A pricing structure for water supply, in which the price per unit water decreases step-wise with increasing use. Used to give big consumers a bulk discount but conflicts with current principles for water management
|
di jian jie ti shui jia
|
递减阶梯水价
|
水的单价随着用水量的增加而逐步降低的供水水价结构。用于给用水大户的大量用水打折，但是这与现行的水资源管理原则相矛盾。
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|
Dublin Statement
|
Internationally agreed statement of four basic principles for the management and use of water resources issued by the International Conference on Water and the Environment in Dublin, 1992
|
dublin xuan yan
|
都柏林宣言
|
1992年在都柏林召开的国际水与环境大会上各国通过的宣言，该宣言提出了水资源管理与利用的四项基本原则。
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|
Agenda 21
|
Agenda on environment and development in the 21st century agreed by world leaders at the 1st World Summit in Rio de Janeiro 1992. Chapter 18 concerns “Protection of the quality and supply of freshwater resources: Application of integrated approaches to the development, management and use of water resources”.
|
er shi yi shi ji yi cheng
|
21世纪议程
|
在1992年里约热内卢第一届世界峰会上各国领导人通过的21世纪环境与发展议程。其中第18章提出“保护淡水资源的质量与供应：对水资源的开发、利用和保护应用一体化方法”。
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|
demand forecast
|
Projection of future water demand for a water supply system or group of consumers
|
xu shui yu ce
|
需水预测
|
对整个系统或客户群未来需水的预测。
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|
demand management
|
Technical, administrative and economic equipment, measures, and incentives used to reduce water consumption and future demands in order better to match consumption and demands with available resources or supplies
|
xu shui guan li
|
需水管理
|
采用技术、行政和经济的措施和鼓励手段减少用水和未来需水从而使它们与可利用的水资源或者供水之间更好地实现平衡。
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|
income elasticity
|
Factor expressing the relationship between changes in income and consumption of water. An income elasticity of 0.5 indicates that an increase of income by 10% will result in an increase in water consumption of 5%. (Applied to predict future water demands for different consumer groups, including agriculture and industry. Applied to predict future water demands for different consumer groups). See also price elasticity.
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shou ru tan xing
|
收入弹性
|
表示收入变化与用水量变化之间关系的系数。收入弹性为0.5表示收入增加10%将导致用水量增加5%。用于预测不同用户群（包括农业和工业）未来的需水。见价格弹性。
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|
price elasticity
|
Factor expressing the relationship between changes in the price and consumption of water. A price elasticity of -0.5 indicates that a 10% increase the water price will result in a 5% reduction of the water consumption. Applied to predict future water demands for different consumer groups. See also income elasticity.
|
jia ge tan xing
|
价格弹性
|
表示水价变化和用水量变化之间关系的系数。价格弹性为-0.5表示水价提高10%将导致用水量减少5%。用于不同用户群的需水预测。见收入弹性。
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demographic
|
Concerning population or socio-economic conditions
|
ren kou de, ren kou tong ji de, ren kou tong ji xue de
|
人口的，人口统计的，人口统计学的
|
关于人口或社会经济条件的。
|
|
dependency ratio
|
The ratio of dependents to the productive population, usually the ratio between the population in the age groups of 0-15 and 64+ who are assumed to be economically unproductive and to those in the age group 15- 64, but country specific
|
fu yang bi lü, fu yang lü, yi lai du
|
抚养比率，抚养率，依赖度
|
依靠生产人口生活的人口比例，通常是0-15岁及64岁以上人口（即被认为不从事经济生产的人口）与15-64岁人口之间的比例，但是随各国具体情况而有所不同。
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|
depreciation of assets
|
Adjustment of the value of assets, e.g. infrastructure, buildings and land, in the accounts of a water company to reflect the gradual deterioration in the condition of infrastructure over its lifetime. In practice the value of buildings and land will often appreciate, i.e. increase in value.
|
zi chan zhe jiu
|
资产折旧
|
在供水公司帐户中对基础设施、建筑和土地等资产价值的调整，以反映基础设施状况在其使用期限内的逐渐退化。实际上，建筑和土地常常是升值的。
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|
develop
|
To activate previously unused human and natural resources for new and more productive or beneficial uses
|
kai fa
|
开发（动词）
|
激活原来未得到利用的人力和自然资源，用于新的、生产更多价值的或者更加有益的用途。
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|
development
|
The process developing
|
kai fa
|
开发（名词）
|
开发的过程。
|
|
diffuse pollution
|
Water pollution produced by land-use activities taking place over a large area. Occurs when run-off or infiltration leaches pesticides, fertilizers, animal wastes and other pollution into rivers, streams, lakes, reservoirs, groundwater aquifers. Also called non-point source pollution.
|
mian yuan wu ran
|
面源污染
|
由大范围内土地利用活动产生的水污染。当径流或者下渗将农药、肥料、动物粪便和其它污染物带入河流、湖泊、水库、地下含水层时发生面源污染。也称为非点源污染。
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|
discharge permit or license
|
A permit granted by the regulatory authority to discharge wastewater of specified quality and volume
|
wu shui pai fang xu ke zheng huo zhi zhao
|
污水排放许可证或执照
|
主管部门发放的允许排放符合规定质、量要求的污水的许可证或者执照。
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|
discount rate
|
A percentage value that is used to adjust the forecast of future expenditures or investment to their present day value, taking account of interest rates and inflation. See also present value.
|
zhe suan lü
|
折算率
|
考虑利率和通货膨胀的影响，用来调整未来支出或投资的预测值以得到其现值的百分数。见现值。
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|
dissemination
|
The provision of data and information to the public or specific target groups
|
chuan bo, xuan chuan
|
传播，宣传
|
向公众或者特定目标群体提供数据和信息。
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|
distributed database
|
A database with different parts stored on computers in different locations linked together by a network
|
fen bu shi shu ju ku
|
分布式数据库
|
其不同部分储存在不同地点的计算机上并通过网络相互连接起来的数据库。
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|
distribution costs
|
The costs to a water company of managing and operating a water distribution system
|
pei shui fei yong
|
配水费用
|
供水公司管理、经营配水系统的费用。
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|
distribution facilities
|
Pipes, storage, booster pumps and other facilities used to distribute drinking water to end-users
|
pei shui she shi
|
配水设施
|
向最终用户分配饮用水的管道、蓄水设备、增压泵和其它设施。
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|
booster pump
|
Pump used to increase pressure in a transmission or distribution pipe
|
zeng ya beng, sheng ya beng
|
增压泵，升压泵
|
用于增加输水或者配水管道压力的水泵。
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|
distribution network
|
The pipe system for distribution of water to consumers, often divided into feeder mains bringing water to different sections of a town and distribution mains bringing water to individual consumer connections
|
pei shui guan wang
|
配水管网
|
向用户配水的管道系统，常常分为把水输往不同城市地段的支干管和将水送往各个用户接管的配水干管。
|
|
distribution losses
|
The total water loss from the water company distribution system
|
pei shui sun shi
|
配水损失
|
供水公司配水系统的所有水损。
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|
diversified economy
|
Economy of government water agencies which engage in business activities outside their primary government assigned function in order to supplement government funding with income that will enable increase of staff salaries and better funding for the primary water function. (Common: The business is usually conducted in subsidiaries established under China's Company Law and may or may not be related to the water sector).
|
duo zhong jing ying, duo zhong jing ying jing ji
|
多种经营，
多种经营经济
|
政府水利机构从事政府为其规定的基本职能以外的经营活动以弥补政府提供资金的不足，经营所得收入用来增加职工工资和扩大其主要业务的资金来源。通常这些经营活动在根据中国公司法建立的附属公司进行，与水利行业可能有关系，也可能没有关系。
|
|
diversion
|
A hydraulic structure to divertpart the flow in a river to a separate distribution, e.g. a weir and associated irrigation canals. Also used for the amount of water that is diverted, in order to distinguish between the volume that is diverted and the volume that actually is used.
|
yin shui, fen shui, yin shui she shi, yin shui liang
|
引水，分水，引水设施，引水量
|
从河流引走部分水流到其它水道的水利工程，例如引水堰和相关的灌溉渠道。也指引水量，用于区分引水量和实际使用量。
|
|
domestic consumption monitors
|
Methods by which water companies assess un-metered consumption by monitoring the consumption for a sample of the population
|
sheng huo yong shui liang jian ce fang fa, sheng huo hao shui liang jian ce fang fa, jia ting yong shui jian ce
|
生活用水量监测方法，生活耗水监测方法，家庭用水监测
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供水公司通过对样本人口的用水进行监测来评价未计量用水量的方法。
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domestic water supply
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Water used for household purposes, including drinking, cooking, personal hygiene, washing clothes and dishes, flushing toilets, and outside uses such as watering of domestic animals, kitchen gardens and lawns, and car washing
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sheng huo gong shui
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生活供水
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指家庭用水，包括饮用、烹饪、个人卫生、洗衣和洗餐具、冲厕以及家养动物饮用、菜园和草坪灌溉、洗车等户外用水。
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drainage
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Removing excess water or wastewater from urban areas or agricultural land
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pai shui
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排水
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将市区或者农用土地上过量的水或者污水排走。
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drainage basin
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See catchment
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liu yu
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流域
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见catchment。
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drawdown
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The drop in the ground water table caused by pumping from a groundwater well and in the form of a cone of depression
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di xia shui wei xia jiang, di xia shui wei xia jiang chui zhi ju li, jiang shen
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地下水位下降，地下水位下降垂直距离，降深
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由于从水井抽水引起的地下水面呈漏斗形的降落。
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cone of depression
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The broadly conical depression of the watertable around a groundwater well that develops in response to pumping from the well
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di xia shui xia jiang lou dou
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地下水下降漏斗
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在地下水井周围因为从井中抽水而形成的大致呈漏斗状的潜水面。
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watertable
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The surface of groundwater in an aquifer which is in contact with the atmosphere (through the pore spaces of overlying sediments)
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di xia shui wei, qian shui mian
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地下水位，潜水面
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含水层中（通过上方泥沙中的空隙）与大气接触的地下水表面。
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drilled well
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A borehole drilled into the ground in order to investigate or abstract groundwater.
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zuan jing
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钻井
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为调查或者开采地下水钻的井孔。
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drivers
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The key factors or actors, that influence a situation or decision, propel the system forward, and have significant influence on the outcome
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tui dong yin su
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推动因素
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影响某种状况或者决定、推动系统的发展并对结果产生重要影响的关键因素或者角色。
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drought
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A long period with rainfall significantly below average causing water shortages with serious impact on the water environment, ecosystems and agricultural production. Often misused to describe water shortages in a single or successive years caused by inadequate assessment of water resources and poor planning of their use.
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gan han
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干旱
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长期的、连续数年降水明显少于平均水平，造成缺水，给水环境、生态系统和农业生产带来严重影响。常常被错误地用来说明由于水资源评价和水资源利用规划的不当所造成的某一年或者连续数年发生的缺水。
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drought management
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Plans and actions taken to alleviate the negative impacts of drought or temporary water shortages, includingrestrictions on water use, reduction of water allocations to low value uses, emergency water supply arrangements, and other emergency relief
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gan han guan li
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干旱管理
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为缓解干旱或者临时性缺水的负面影响而编制的计划和采取的行动，包括限制用水、削减低价值用途的分配水量、应急供水措施和其它紧急救助措施。
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earth summit
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Meetings of world leaders at Rio de Janeiro (1992) and Johannesburg (2002) to discuss environment and development
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quan qiu feng hui
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全球峰会
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1992年在里约热内卢、2002年在约翰内斯堡召开的讨论环境和发展问题的世界首脑会议。
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ecologically sustainable development
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See sustainable development
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sheng tai ke chi xu fa zhan
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生态可持续发展
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见可持续发展。
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ecology
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The relationships between living organisms and their environment,or the study of such relationships
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sheng tai; sheng tai xue
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生态；生态学
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生物与其环境的关系，或者关于这种关系的学科。
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economic efficiency
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The efficiency of an investment in a water project seen in government perspective, i.e. measured by its Economic Internal Rate of Return which is calculated as the average annual profit over the life-time of the investment, using prices that exclude government duties, taxes and subsidies.
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jing ji xiao lü
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经济效率
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从政府的角度来看水利项目投资的效率，即以经济内部回收率来衡量的效率。经济内部回收率以根据不包括政府关税、税收和补贴的价格计算的项目使用期限内年平均利润来表示。
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economic good
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The Dublin Statement advocates that water should be considered an economic good, i.e. a commodity that can be traded through markets and be assigned a value in all its uses in order to rank its allocation for different uses. See also social good.
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jing ji wu pin, jing ji shang pin, you jia wu pin
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经济物品，经济商品，有价物品
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都柏林宣言提出应当把水看成经济物品，即能够通过市场交易的商品，能够对它的所有用途赋予价值，以对不同用途之间的水分配进行排序。见社会物品。
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social good
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Water is considered a social good when it is used for social purposes and delivered for free or at a price below the production and distribution costs made possible by government subsidy or cross-subsidisation, e.g. the basic needs of water for health and hygiene of poor households or irrigation projects in remote areas to create employment opportunities and support poverty alleviation
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she hui wu pin
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社会物品
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当水用于社会目的并免费提供，或者在政府提供补贴或有横向补贴的情况下以低于生产和分配成本的价格提供时，就把它看成社会物品，例如用于满足贫困家庭健康和个人卫生的基本需水或者偏远地区灌溉工程需水以创造就业机会和帮助扶贫。
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economic instruments
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Means of controlling the demand for a product such as water by use of pricing mechanisms, including water charges, progressive tariffs, water resource fees or other financial incentives and/or disincentives
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jing ji shou duan
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经济手段
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利用价格机制来控制象对水这样的产品的需求的方法，包括水费、阶梯水价、水资源费或者其它经济措施。
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economic level of leakage
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The financially optimal level of leakage where the marginal cost of active leakage control equals the marginal cost of water losses. It is financially attractive for a water company to reduce leakage to the economic level but not below that level. Government can influence the level through water resource fees on the abstracted amount of water
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jing ji shen lou shui ping
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经济渗漏水平
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在财务上最佳的渗漏水平，在这个水平上积极渗漏控制的边际成本等于水损的边际成本。对供水公司来说将渗漏降低、但不低于这个水平在财务上是有吸引力的。政府可以通过根据取水数量收取水资源费来影响这个水平。
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ecosphere
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All the ecosystems on Earth, along with their interactions; the sphere of air, water, and land in which all life is found
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sheng tai quan, sheng tai ceng, sheng wu yu
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生态圈，生态层，生物域
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地球上所有相互作用的生态系统；所有生命赖以存在的大气、水和土地圈。
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ecosystem
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A complex system formed by the interaction of living organisms with their environment
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sheng tai xi tong, sheng tai xi
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生态系统，生态系
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生物与其环境相互作用形成的复杂系统。
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effluent
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Wastewater - treated or untreated - that is discharged from drains, sewers, wastewater treatment plants or industrial outfalls into surface waters
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wu shui, fei shui
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污水，废水
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处理过或者未经处理、从排水沟、下水道、污水处理厂或者工厂排水口排入地表水体的污水。
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emerging issue
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An issue that is likely to develop into a problem in the near future, but not yet warrants action
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zheng zai chu xian de wen ti
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正在出现的问题
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可能会在近期成为难题的问题，但是尚不需要对它采取行动。
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end-user
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Water user at the end of the distributioin network, e.g. domestic, commercial, institutional, industrial or governmental consumer
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zhong duan yong shui hu
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终端用水户
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位于配水管网终端的用水户，例如居民、商业、机构、工业或者政府用水户。
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El Nino
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Cyclic changes in the ocean currents and atmosphere over the South Pacific Ocean that at intervals of approximately 7 years bring above average rainfall to SE Asia and Southern China and below average rainfall to Indonesia, New Guinea and Australia
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el nino xian xiang
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厄尔尼诺现象
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南太平洋海洋潮流和大气的周期变化，大约7年发生一次，使得东南亚和中国南方的降水超过平均值，印度尼西亚、新几内亚和澳大利亚的降水少于平均值。
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environment
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The sum of all external conditions affecting life. Encompasses the natural environment (biological and physical) and the human environment (social, cultural and economic). Also used to describe the external conditions affecting an institution.
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huan jing
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环境
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影响生命的所有外部条件总和。包括自然环境（生物和物理环境）及人类环境（社会、文化和经济）。也用于描述影响一个机构的外部条件。
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environmental costs
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The negative impacts of a project on the natural environment that are difficult to quantify and compensate for in economic terms
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huan jing fei yong, huan jing cheng ben, huan bao fei yong
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环境费用，环境成本，环保费用
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项目对自然环境造成的难以用经济价值定量和补偿的负面影响。
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
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Thorough and systematic process to identify, describe and assess the environmental impacts of a project or programme and the possible actions to avoid, reduce or otherwise mitigate the negative impacts. Increasingly used as decision support tool for infrastructure projects.
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huan jing ying xiang ping jia
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环境影响评价
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详尽而系统地确定、描述和评估项目或计划的环境影响，以及为避免、减少或者以其它方式缓解其负面影响可采取行动的过程。越来越多地用作基础设施项目的决策支持手段。
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Social Impact Assessment (SIA)
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Thorough and systematic process to identify, describe and assess the social impacts of a project or programme and the possible actions to avoid, reduce or otherwise mitigate the negative impacts. Increasingly used as decision support tool for infrastructure projects.
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she hui ying xiang ping jia
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社会影响评价
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详尽而系统地确定、描述和评估项目或计划的社会影响以及为避免、减少或以其它方式缓解其负面影响可采取行动的过程。越来越多地用作基础设施项目的决策支持手段。
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equality n.
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The state of being equal; of same quality, rank or value. Equality among water users means that all users have access to water resources or water supply on the same conditions, e.g. the same price for the same service
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ping deng
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平等
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相等的状态；具有相同质量、档次或者价值的状态。用水户之间的平等意味着他们在相同条件下享有水资源或者供水，例如对于同样的服务支付同样的价格。
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equitable adj.
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Fair, unbiased, objectice, e.g. equitable access to water resources or water supply gives all water users access to the basic needs of water at an affordable price
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gong ping de, gong zheng de, gong ping he li de
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公平的，公正的，公平合理的
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公正、不偏向、无偏见的，例如水资源或者供水的公平分享是使所有用水户的基本需水都能够以他们有能力支付的价格得到满足。
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equity n.
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Share capital which gives each shareholder rights to company assets and earnings in proportion to the nominal value of the shares
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gu piao, gu ben
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股票，股本，
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使各股东按照股票票面价值的比例对公司资产和收入享有权利的股份资本。
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existing users
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All water users who are connected to an existing water distribution network
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xian you yong hu
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现有用户
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现有配水管网连接的所有用水户。
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exploitation
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The beneficial use of water or other natural resources
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kai cai, cai jue, kai fa
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开采，采掘，开发
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水或其它自然资源的有益利用。
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externality costs
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The costs that the activities of an individual or organisation imposes on others not benefiting from the activity, or less commonly the benefits derived by others from activities they do not contribute to; can be economic, environmental or social
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wai bu fei yong
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外部费用
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个人或组织的活动使未从该活动中获益的他人或组织承担的费用，或者在较少的情况下，指其他人从他们未作出贡献的活动中获得的效益；可以是经济的、环境的或社会的。
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economic externalities
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Externality costs that can be measured in economic terms, e.g. the costs for treatment of domestic water that upstream water users impose on downstram water users by discharge of polluted wastewater
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jing ji wai bu xing
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经济外部性
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能够以经济价值衡量的外部费用，例如由于上游用水户排放污染废水，下游用水户不得不对生活用水进行处理而发生的费用。
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environmental externalities
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Environmental impacts that cannot be quantified and fully compensated in economic terms, e.g. the negative impact that discharge of polluted wastewater has on the ecology of the receiving waters
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huan jing wai bu xing
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环境外部性
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不能以经济价值定量并充分补偿的环境影响，例如污染废水的排放对于纳污水体生态的负面影响。
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social externalities
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Social impacts that cannot be quantified and fully compensated in economic terms, e.g. the negative impacts on public health from discharge and reuse of polluted wastewater
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she hui wai bu xing
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社会外部性
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不能以经济价值定量并充分补偿的社会影响，例如污染废水的排放和回用对公众健康造成的负面影响。
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opportunity costs
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The value of production or social benefits that are foregone or pre-empted when a scarce resource such as water is allocated or used for low rather than high value purposes
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ji hui cheng ben
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机会成本
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诸如水资源之类的稀缺资源被分配于或者用于低价值而非高价值的用途而放弃的生产价值或者社会效益。
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value of water
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The value that water has to different users; can be economic, e.g. the marginal or added value that the use of water has in industrial or agricultural production, or social, e.g. the value that the use of water to improve health and hygiene has to domestic users
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shui de jia zhi
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水的价值
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水对于不同用户的价值；可以为经济价值，例如工农业用水产生的增加值，或者为社会价值，例如用于改善健康、卫生的用水对家庭用户的价值。
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extraction
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See abstraction
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qu shui
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取水
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参看abstraction。
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falkenmark indicator
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Indicator on renewable water resources measured as volume per capita per year; used to describe the level of water scarcity or water stress which typically occurs when the indicator is below 1,700 m3/capita/year and is said to be severe when it falls below 1,000 m3/capita/year
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falkenmark zhi biao
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富肯马克指标
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按照年人均水量计算的可更新水资源指标，用于说明水资源短缺或者紧张的程度，通常当该指标低于1700立方米/人/年时，表示水资源紧张，低于1000立方米/人/年时表示严重紧张。
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fixed charge
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The portion of a water bill that does not vary with water consumption
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gu ding shui fei
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固定水费
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水费帐单中不随用水量变化的部分。
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fixed costs
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Costs associated with production and delivery of water that do not vary with the amount of water produced or sold
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gu ding cheng ben, gu ding fei yong
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固定成本，固定费用
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不随产水量或售水量而变化的水的生产与供水服务成本。
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floodplain
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The flat or nearly flat land along a river or stream or in a tidal area that is covered by water during flooding
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he man tan, man tan, fan hong ping yuan
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河漫滩，漫滩，泛洪平原
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沿河或者位于潮间区的平坦土地或者近乎平坦的土地，在发生洪水时被淹没。
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flush controllers
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Sensors that can be installed on urinals to prevent flushing when they are not being used
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chong shui kong zhi qi
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冲水控制器
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可安装在小便池上防止不用时冲水的传感装置。
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activity
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Action or concrete work carried out to produce or contribute to a specific output of a project
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huo dong
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活动
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为了得到项目的特定产出或者为之作出贡献的行动或者具体工作。
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assumption
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Condition or decision which is necessary for successful implementation of a project, but largely or wholly beyond the control of the project management, used in Logical Framework Approach
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jia she
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假设
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为成功地实施项目所需要的条件或者决定，但是在很大程度上或者完全不在项目管理者的控制范围内，用于逻辑框架方法中。
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development objective
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Used in Logical Framework Approach to describe the broad or long-term changes or impacts that a project or programme will contribute to. Also called goal.
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fa zhan mu biao
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发展目标
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在逻辑框架方法中用于描述项目或者计划将为之作出贡献的广泛或长期的变化或影响。也称为长期目标。
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goal
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The broad or long-term changes or impacts that a project or programme will contribute to. The highest level objective, also called development objective in a Logical Framework.
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chang qi mu biao
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长期目标
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项目或者计划将为之作出贡献的广泛或者长期的变化或影响。是最高层次的目标，在逻辑框架中也称为发展目标。
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immediate objectives
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Used in Logical Framework Approach to describe the immediate and concrete results that a project or programme has been designed to achieve. Also called purpose.
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jin qi mu biao
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近期目标
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在逻辑框架方法中用于描述计划或者项目设计提出要实现的近期具体成果。在英语中也称为purpose。
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input
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The funds, personnel, materials and equipment that are necessary for a project to produce its outputs
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tou ru
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投入
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项目为实现其产出所需要的资金、人员、材料和设备。
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logical framework
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Summary of a project design, i.e. its goal, purpose, outputs, inputs, indicators, assumptions and risks systematically arranged in a matrix reflecting their hierarchy and mutual relations, also called project matrix
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luo ji kuang jia
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逻辑框架
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项目设计的概要，将长期目标、近期目标、产出、投入、指标、假定和风险以矩阵的形式系统地加以排列，以反映它们之间的层次与相互关系。也称为项目矩阵。
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Logical Framework Approach (LFA)
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Management tool used in identification, planning, implementation and evaluation of a project. LFA describes a project in terms of its goal, purpose, outputs, activities, inputs, risks and assumptions as well as objectively verifiable indicators to measure its success.
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luo ji kuang jia fang fa
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逻辑框架方法
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用于项目的确定、设计、实施和评价的管理方法。该方法以项目的长期目标、近期目标、产出、活动、投入、风险、假设和衡量项目成就的可客观验证指标描述项目。
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objective
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A more specific statement than a goal describing the changes or impacts that a project or programme will contribute to or achieve. In the Logical Framework Approach development objective is often used synonymously with goal for the long term changes, while immediate objective may be used synonymously with purpose for the intermediate steps towards a goal.
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mu biao
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目标
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对项目或者计划将为之作出贡献或者将实现的变化或影响所做的描述，与“goal”相比较为具体。在逻辑框架方法中，常常把“发展目标”作为描述长期变化的“goal”的同义词，而“近期目标”可作为描述实现长期目标过程中所经过步骤的“purpose”的同义词。
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output
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The results that a project is designed to produce and guaranteed the necessary inputs for
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chan chu
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产出
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项目设计规定要实现的结果，为此要保证项目得到必要的投入。
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output indicator
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Indicator which tracks whether project outputs are produced on time and in the expected quantity and quality
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chan chu zhi biao
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产出指标
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用于跟踪项目是否按时并按照预期的数量和质量提供产出的指标。
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project matrix
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Summary of a project design systematically describing and arranging all key elements, factors and consequences of successful project implementation and their mutual relations in a logical framework, i.e. goal, purpose, outputs, inputs, indicators, assumptions and risks
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xiang mu ju zhen
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项目矩阵
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项目设计的概要，以逻辑框架形式系统地描述、排列项目成功实施所涉及的所有关键要素、结果以及它们相互之间的关系，包括长期目标、近期目标、产出、投入、指标、假设和风险。
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purpose
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The immediate and concrete results that a project or programme has been designed to achieve. Also called immediate objective in the Logical Framework Approach
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jin qi mu biao, mu di, yi tu
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近期目标，目的，意图
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项目或者计划的设计提出要实现的近期具体成果。在逻辑框架方法中也以英语称为immediate objective。
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function
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The basic role of a an organisation or of a unit or department within an organisation, e.g. planning, management, marketing, production, billing and collection, accounting, operation and maintenance, etc.
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zhi neng
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职能
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组织或者组织内部的单位或部门的基本功能，例如计划、管理、营销、生产、计费和收费、会计、运行与维护等。
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governance
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The manner or function of governing and exercising authority. Generally used to include electoral and legislative systems, justice and public administration, capacity to deliver basic services and protect natural resources
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zhi li, shi zheng, guan xia
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治理，施政，管辖
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行使统治与权力的方式或者职能。通常包括选举制度和法律制度、司法和公共管理、提供基本服务和保护自然资源的能力等。
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HRD
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Human Resources Development
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人力资源开发的缩写
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Human Development Index (HDI)
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A composite indicator which combines health, education and living standard. HDI is calculated from the life expectancy, literacy, school enrolment and GDP and is published annually by UNDP in Human Development Report.
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ren lei fa zhan zhi shu
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人类发展指数
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包括健康、教育和生活标准因素在内的复合指标。根据预期寿命、识字率、入学率和国内生产总值进行计算，并且由联合国开发计划署在其《人类发展报告》中按年度发布。
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human resources development (HRD)
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Process to bring the skills of staff in line with new requirements to the organisation they work in
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ren li zi yuan kai fa
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人力资源开发
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根据对组织机构的新要求提高其职员技能的过程。
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institution
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Organisation or individual agency with a specific structure and hierarchy of authority, a formal allocation of responsibilities and tasks, and operating under a set of values and interests which define the way it presents itself to the world. Used in the water sector for an agency involved in the planning, management or use of water resources or in the delivery of water services.
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ji gou, shi ye dan wei, yuan xiao, yuan suo, zhi du
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机构，事业单位，院校，院所，制度
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组织或者独立单位，它具有特定结构和权力层次，对责任和任务有正式的分工，按照它向社会承诺的价值标准和工作领域进行运作。在水行业中指与水资源规划、管理、利用或者水利服务有关的单位
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institutional arrangement
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The legislation and regulations that govern and influence the behaviour and interaction of different institutions within a sector
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ji gou an pai
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机构安排
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支配、影响一个行业中不同机构的行为和相互关系的法律与规则。
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institutional assessment
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Analysis of a country’s government structure, the institutional arrangements of specific sectors, or the formal and informal functioning of an individual organization. The result of a strategic institutional assessment would be a proposal for a statute describing the vision, mandate and responsibility of the institution.
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ji gou ping jia
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机构评价
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对一个国家的政府结构、特定行业的机构安排或者单个组织的正式与非正式作用进行分析。战略性机构评价的结果将对包括展望、职权和责任等内容在内的机构章程提出建议。
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institutional change
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The strengthening or development of an institution to meet new demands or responsibilities
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ji gou bian hua, ji gou zhuan bian
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机构变化，机构转变
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为了满足新的需求或承担新的责任加强或者发展一个机构。
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institutional development
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Supporting a sector or organization to improve its external effectiveness, i.e. its role and function in relation to other organisations and the public. Comprises both direct support to the organisation and building of the capacity of the organisation to plan, implement, and manage its own change programme.
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ji gou fa zhan
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机构发展
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支持一个行业或者组织改善其外部效能，即与其它组织和公众有关的职能。包括对该组织以及该组织设计、执行和管理自身改革计划的能力建设提供直接帮助。
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institutional strengthening
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See organisational strengthening
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ji gou jia qiang
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机构加强
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见组织加强。
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institutional structure
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The hierarchy of institutions within or between sectors and the rules and regulations that govern the division of authority, responsibly and functions between them and their internal communication
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ti zhi jie gou, ji gou she zhi
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体制结构，机构设置
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行业内或者行业间机构的层次以及支配机构之间权力、责任与职能分工以及内部交流的规则。
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mission
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A concise statement describing the goal or purpose of an organization
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shi ming, ren wu
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使命，任务
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对组织的长期目标或者近期目标的简明陈述。
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organisational strengthening
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Supporting an organisation to improve its internal efficiency by restructuring, updating and modernisation of internal working procedures, modernising equipment and corresponding adjustments of staffing
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zu zhi jia qiang
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组织加强
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支持一个组织通过内部工作程序的重组、改进和现代化、更新设备和对人员进行相应调整来提高其内部效率。
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organizational structure
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The distribution of functions, activities, processes and responsibilities within an organization, where function refers to the basic role of each unit or department, e.g. administration, accounting, operation and maintenance, etc., activities are subsets of functions, e.g. individual jobs or tasks, processes refer to the ways in which functions and tasks are strung together within the organization, and responsibilities refer to the authority vested in individuals and the lines of accountability that exist in an organization
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zu zhi jie gou
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组织结构
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一个组织内部的职能、活动、程序和责任的分配。在这里“职能”指各个单位或者部门的基本功能，例如行政管理、会计、运行与维护等；“活动”指职能的组成部分，例如独立的工作任务；“程序”指在组织内部各项职能和任务安排的顺序；“责任”指授予个人的权力以及组织内的各种绩效责任。
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board of directors
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A committee comprising the director(s) and other leaders of an organisation or company supporting the managing director or chief executive in the daily management of the company
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dong shi hui
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董事会
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由董事和其他领导人组成的组织或者公司的委员会，为组织或公司的总经理或者首席执行官进行公司的日常管理提供支持。
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international best practice
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Work practices in a particular field that among sector professional are recognized widely as being the best in the world at the present time
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guo ji zui jia fang fa
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国际最佳方法
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在一个特定领域里被行业专业人员广泛认为是当代世界上最佳的工作方法。
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manage vb.
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Systematic decision making, allocation of resources, supervision of work and monitoring of progress within a sector or an organisation in order to achieve agreed goals or objectives
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guan li
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管理（动词）
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在一个行业或者组织内系统地进行决策、资源分配、工作监督和进展监测，以实现议定的目标。
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management board
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An elected or appointed committee which decides on the goals and objectives of an organisation or company, approves the plans and budgets prepared by the director or board or directors and monitors the performance
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guan li wei yuan hui
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管理委员会
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选举产生或者任命组成的委员会，负责确定组织或者公司的目标，批准经理或者董事会提出的计划和预算，对绩效进行监督。
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management n.
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The members, mainly the leaders, of the administration of an organisation or company
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guan li ceng
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管理层
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组织或者公司的管理部门成员，主要是领导成员。
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marginal cost
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The cost of producing and supplying an additional unit of water, including both the extra operational costs and any capital costs to invest in extra production capacity
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bian ji cheng ben
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边际成本
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多生产和供应一个单位水量的成本，包括增加的运行成本和任何为增加生产能力所进行的资本投资。
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marginal-cost pricing
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A method of water tariff design where prices reflect the costs associated with producing the next increment of supply, thus taking account of future expansions of the water supply system
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bian ji cheng ben ding jia
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边际成本定价
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反映供水增量生产成本从而考虑了供水系统未来扩展的水价设计方法。
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µg/l
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microgrammes per litre, used to measure the concentration of dissolved substances, approximately equal to ppb
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wei ke sheng
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微克/升
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用于度量溶解物质浓度的指标，近似于十亿分之一。
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Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5)
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The amount of oxygen consumed in the biological processes that break down organic matter in water. An important indicator on the degree of organic pollution. BOD5 is measured by reaction between water and an oxidising compound over a period 5 days, hence the suffix 5, in order to allow for total breakdown or organic matter.
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sheng hua xu yang liang, sheng hua hao yang liang
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生化需氧量(BOD5)，生化耗氧量
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在水中将有机物分解的生物过程的耗氧量。是反映有机污染程度的一个重要指标。生化需氧量(BOD5)是以在5天内使有机物完全分解的水和某种氧化剂之间的反应衡量的，因此其英语缩写以5为下标。
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BOD5
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Biochemical Oxygen Demand
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生化需氧量的缩写
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coliform bacteria
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A group of relatively harmless microorganisms that live in large numbers in the intestines of humans and animals . A specific subgroup is the faecal coliforms whose presence in aquatic environments indicates that the water has been polluted by faecal material
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da chang jun, da chang xing xi jun, da chang gan jun
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大肠菌,大肠型细菌，大肠杆菌
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一类相对无害、大量生存在于人和动物肠内的微生物。其中一种为粪便大肠菌，在水环境中发现这种菌就表明水受到了粪便的污染。
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dissolved oxygen (DO)
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The amount of oxygen dissolved in surface water and freely available to fish and other aquatic life or for oxidation of decaying organic matter or gasses released from such decay. The DO level is considered the most important indicator of a water body’s ability to support desirable aquatic life.
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rong jie yang
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溶解氧
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溶解于地表水中并能够直接地供鱼类和其它水生生物使用，或者为腐烂的有机物或腐烂释放气体的氧化所利用的氧气数量。溶解氧水平被认为是衡量水体支持良好水生生命的能力的最重要指标。
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Escherichia coli (E.coli)
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Type of coliform bacteria used as indicator of faecal pollution of water
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da chang gan jun
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大肠杆菌
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一种用作水的粪便污染指标的大肠菌。
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faecal coliforms
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A subgroup of coliform bacteria whose presence in water is an indicator of pollution by human or animal faeces
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fen bian da chang jun
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粪便大肠菌
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大肠菌的一种，水中含有这种细菌表明它受到人类或者动物粪便污染。
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mg/l
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milligrammes per litre, used to measure the concentration of dissolved substances, approximately equal to ppm
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hao ke sheng
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毫克/升
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测量溶解物质浓度的指标，近似于百万分之一。
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ppb
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parts per billion, used to measure concentrations of trace elements in solids or solutions
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shi yi fen zhi yi
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十亿分之一
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测量固体或者溶液中微量元素的浓度的指标。
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ppm
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parts per million, used to measure concentrations of trace elements in solids or solutions
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bai wan fen zhi yi
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百万分之一
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用于测量固体或者溶液中微量元素的浓度的指标。
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discounting
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Calculation method to convert future benefits, expenditure or investment costs into their equivalent present day value, calculated by deduction of the average interest that present day capital could earn in the period up to the time when the actual expenditure is incurred
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zhe xian
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折现
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将未来的效益、支出或者投资费用折算成现值，其计算方法是扣除现在的资金在实际支出发生之日以前的时期里能够获得的平均利息。
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incremental cost
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The additional cost per unit of water that is required to increase production by a small amount, e.g. 1%. The cost includes both the increase in direct production costs and the capital costs of investment in additional production capacity. See marginal cost.
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cheng ben zeng liang, zeng liang cheng ben, bian ji cheng ben
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成本增量，增量成本，边际成本
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小幅度（例如1%）增加产水量所需要的单位水量成本增量。该成本增量包括直接生产成本的增加值以及提高生产能力所需要的基建投资费用。见边际成本。
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long run marginal cost
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The additional costs associated with supplying larger volumes of water, including both the additional production costs and the capital costs of the investment needed to expand the production system
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chang qi bian ji cheng ben
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长期边际成本
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扩大供水量产生的成本增量，包括生产成本增量和扩大生产系统所需要的基建投资费用。
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net benefits
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The numerical difference between total benefits and total costs, both of which must be expressed in the same unit (usually dollars). See cost-effectiveness.
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jing xiao yi
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净效益
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总效益与总成本的数值差额，两者必须都使用相同的单位（通常用元）。见成本有效。
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net present cost
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The sum of present and future expenditures discounted to their present value
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fei yong jing xian zhi
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费用净现值
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当前和未来费用的现值总和。
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net present value
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The present value of total benefits less the value of total costs both discounted to their present value
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jing xian zhi
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净现值
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总效益的现值减去总成本的现值。
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present value
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Future expenditures expressed in terms of present values by adjusting for the time value of money using a discount rate that is based on financing costs
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xian zhi
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现值
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利用以投资成本为依据确定的折现率将未来的支出折算为当前的货币价值以反映资金的时间价值。
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Gini coefficient
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Indicator on income inequalityranging from zero (no inequality) to one (maximum inequality). Measured graphically using a Lorenz diagram, where it is calculated as the ratio of the area between the line of equal income distribution and the curve of actual income distribution to the total area below the line of equal income distribution.
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gi ni xi shu
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基尼系数，吉尼系数
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反映收入不平等的指数，其数值范围从0（没有不平等）至1（最大的不平等）。利用洛伦兹图以图解法求得，为同等收入分布线和实际收入分布曲线之间的面积与同等收入分布线以下总面积之比。
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Lorenz curve
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